Introduction
Safety in railway companies has mainly been managed from a technical and rule based point of view. ‘Technical’ in the sense that the main focus has been on robustness of infrastructure and rolling stock, and automatically functioning safety devices to eliminate the effects of human error. Rule based in this case means that the railway system was considered as a ‘clockwork’ where safety was guaranteed by strict adherence to iron rules with little or no room for interpretation or need for independent decision making by operators in the field, thus limiting system flexibility to a minimum (see Hale 2000).
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