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Optical radiation is found ubiquitously. It is not solely emitted by natural sources, e. g. the sun, but also by many artificial sources or applications. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is vectored electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength regime 100 nm to…
Ionising radiation can be described as the transfer of energy in the form of particles (such as alpha and beta particles) or electromagnetic waves (such as X-rays and gamma rays) of a wavelength of 100 nanometres or less or a frequency of 3 x 1015 hertz…
There are more than 1.2 million workers estimated to be exposed to artificial UVR in EU-27 States. Male workers are much often exposed than women, in fact they account for about 90% of all workers exposed to artificial UVR [1].
On 5 April 2006, the…
Outdoor workers are exposed to natural UVR emitted by the sun. Since optical radiation is vectored, the irradiance of a worker is individual, even at identical activities at the same construction site. Depending on various parameters, exposure levels may…
According to a survey carried out by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU -OSHA), exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the most important health risks for workers [1]. This concerns both outdoor workers exposed to solar UVR…